The Altman Z-score is a statistical tool used to assess the financial health of a company. It is based on the company’s current assets, current liabilities, quick assets, and retained earnings.

Formula:

Z-score = 0.5232 + 0.1999*X - 1.2824*Y

where:

• X is the working capital/current liabilities ratio
• Y is the retained earnings/assets ratio

Interpretation:

• A Z-score above 3 is considered overvalued and at high risk of bankruptcy.
• A Z-score between -1 and 3 is considered to be at normal risk.
• A Z-score below -1 is considered undervalued and at low risk of bankruptcy.

Uses:

• Investors use the Z-score to assess the financial health of a company.
• Companies use the Z-score to monitor their own financial health and to compare themselves to competitors.
• Creditors use the Z-score to assess the risk of lending to a company.

Limitations:

• The Z-score does not consider industry differences.
• The Z-score does not consider company size.
• The Z-score does not consider other factors that may influence financial health, such as economic conditions and industry trends.

Additional Notes:

• The Altman Z-score is a simple metric and should not be used as the sole basis for making investment decisions.
• It is important to consider other factors, such as the company’s industry, size, and financial performance.
• The Z-score is a powerful tool for analyzing company financial health, but it is not a perfect one.