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Deflation
Definition:
Deflation is a general decrease in prices and wages, accompanied by a decline in overall economic activity. It is the opposite of inflation.
Causes:
- Demand-pull deflation: Occurs when aggregate demand decreases, leading to a decline in prices.
- Cost-push deflation: Occurs when production costs increase, but demand remains unchanged, leading to a decline in prices.
- Built-in deflation: Occurs when inflation expectations decline, leading to a decrease in demand.
Effects:
- Increase in purchasing power: Consumers can afford more goods and services with the same money.
- Reduction in economic growth: Deflation can lead to a decline in economic activity, as investment and consumer spending decrease.
- Debt burden: Deflation can increase the burden of debt, as interest payments become cheaper relative to inflation.
- Financial instability: Deflation can lead to financial instability, as banks and other financial institutions may become more cautious.
Examples:
- A decline in consumer spending due to a rise in unemployment.
- An increase in production costs due to higher commodity prices.
- A decline in inflation expectations due to a weakening economy.
Measures to Combat Deflation:
- Expansionary fiscal policy: Government spending and investment increase.
- Expansionary monetary policy: Lower interest rates and increased money supply.
- Increase aggregate demand: Policies to encourage consumer spending and investment.
Note:
Deflation can be a complex phenomenon with various causes and effects. It is important to consider the specific circumstances and underlying factors before making any interpretations or drawing conclusions.