The effective tax rate (ETR) is a measure of the overall tax burden paid by a company or individual, calculated by dividing the total taxes paid by the taxable income. It is an important metric used to compare tax burdens across different entities and jurisdictions.

Formula:

Effective Tax Rate (ETR) = Total Taxes Paid / Taxable Income

Components of ETR:

• Basic Tax Rate: The statutory tax rate applicable to the applicable income bracket.
• Deductions and Credits: Amounts that reduce taxable income, such as deductions for business expenses, mortgage interest, and certain credits.
• Exclusions: Items that are not subject to taxation, such as exempt income or certain investments.
• Other Taxes: Additional taxes, such as surcharges, fees, and penalties.

Factors Affecting ETR:

• Jurisdiction: Tax rates vary by country, state, and municipality.
• Income Level: Higher income earners pay a higher effective tax rate.
• Business Structure: Corporations, partnerships, and sole proprietorships have different tax rates.
• Industry: Certain industries have specific tax regulations.
• Tax Policies: Government incentives, deductions, and credits can affect ETR.

Uses of ETR:

• Comparison of Tax Burdens: To compare tax burdens across different companies, industries, and jurisdictions.
• Tax Policy Analysis: To evaluate the impact of tax policy changes on the overall tax burden.
• Corporate Decision-Making: To consider tax implications when making business decisions.
• Investor Analysis: To assess the overall tax efficiency of a company.

Example:

A company with taxable income of $100,000 and total taxes paid of $20,000 has an effective tax rate of 20%.

Effective Tax Rate (ETR) = $20,000 / $100,000 = 20%

Note:

The effective tax rate is a calculated estimate and may not exactly match the actual tax paid due to various factors and nuances.