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Incoterms

Incoterms (International Commercial Terms) are internationally recognized rules for the interpretation of international sales contracts. They provide a uniform set of rules for determining the responsibilities of buyers and sellers for various aspects of the transaction, including:

1. Delivery and Risk Transfer:

  • Ex-works: The seller’s responsibility ends at the point of loading the goods onto a carrier at the seller’s premises.
  • Free on board (FOB): The seller’s responsibility ends when the goods are loaded onto a carrier at the named port.
  • Cost, insurance, and freight (CIF): The seller is responsible for costs, insurance, and freight charges up to the named port.
  • Free on destination (FOD): The seller’s responsibility ends when the goods are unloaded at the buyer’s premises.

2. Payment:

  • Cash in advance: Payment required before the goods are shipped.
  • Open account: Payment due upon receipt of the goods.
  • Letters of credit: A bank guarantee for payment.

3. Documents:

  • Commercial invoice: A document detailing the sale and payment terms.
  • Bill of lading: A document issued by the carrier confirming the shipment of goods.
  • Certificate of origin: A document verifying the origin of the goods.

4. Dispute Resolution:

  • Arbitration: Dispute resolution through neutral arbitration.
  • Mediation: Dispute resolution through neutral mediation.

5. Governing Law:

  • Uniform Commercial Code (UCC): Applies in the United States.
  • International Convention for the Sale of Goods (CISG): Applies in many other countries.

Key Benefits:

  • Clarity and certainty: Incoterms provide a common set of rules, reducing ambiguity and misunderstandings.
  • Consistency: Incoterms ensure consistency in international trade transactions.
  • Protection of interests: They protect the interests of buyers and sellers by clearly defining responsibilities.
  • Uniformity: Incoterms promote uniformity in international trade practices.

Examples:

  • “Ex-works London” means that the seller’s responsibility ends when the goods are loaded onto a ship in London.
  • “CIF New York” means that the seller is responsible for costs, insurance, and freight charges up to New York.

Note: Incoterms are typically chosen by the seller and agreed to by the buyer in

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