Parity is a fundamental concept in mathematics and computer science that refers to the property of a number or function being divisible by two.

Definition:

• Parity: A number’s parity refers to its remainder when divided by two.
• Even: If the remainder is 0, the number is even.
• Odd: If the remainder is 1, the number is odd.

Types of Parity:

• Even: Numbers divisible by two without any remainder.
• Odd: Numbers that are not divisible by two.

Examples:

• Even numbers: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …
• Odd numbers: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, …

Applications:

• Digital parity: Parity is used in digital communication and error correction techniques.
• Cryptography: Parity is used in certain cryptographic algorithms.
• Coding theory: Parity is a fundamental concept in coding theory.
• Mathematics: Parity is used in number theory and discrete mathematics.

Additional Notes:

• The parity of a number is not affected by its magnitude.
• The parity of a function determines the parity of its underlying numbers.
• Even numbers are generally considered more mathematically stable than odd numbers.
• Odd numbers have a greater tendency to exhibit irregular patterns and fluctuations.