Definition:

A tax haven is a country or territory that offers low or no taxation on individuals and corporations, often through aggressive tax avoidance policies and exemptions. These countries typically have low corporate and personal income tax rates, as well as exemptions on various forms of income and assets.

Characteristics:

• Low taxation: Countries with exceptionally low tax rates, often below the global average.
• Tax exemptions: Exemption or reduction of taxes on certain income, assets, or transactions.
• Legal loopholes: Complex legal structures and practices that exploit loopholes to minimize tax liability.
• Financial secrecy: Measures to protect the privacy of taxpayers and limit information sharing.
• Attractive business environment: Low tax rates and favorable business regulations to attract foreign investment.

Examples:

• Bermuda: No corporate income tax, low rates on personal income and property.
• Cayman Islands: No corporation or individual income tax.
• Dubai: 0% corporate tax rate, low rates on personal income.
• Hong Kong: Low corporate and personal income tax rates.
• Liechtenstein: Very low corporate and personal income tax rates.

Controversies:

• Tax avoidance: Tax havens are often criticized for enabling tax avoidance, which can undermine revenue collection in other countries.
• Unequal distribution: Critics argue that tax havens disproportionately benefit wealthy individuals and corporations, exacerbating income inequality.
• Corruption: Some tax havens have been associated with corruption and money laundering.

Legal Status:

The legality of tax havens has been challenged in several countries. Some argue that they violate international tax laws or undermine national sovereignty. However, the legality of these practices remains a complex and ongoing debate.