Transaction exposure is the risk of foreign exchange (FX) loss arising from foreign currency transactions. It is the amount of foreign currency that is exposed to exchange rate fluctuations at the time of the transaction.

Sources of Transaction Exposure:

• Foreign currency sales and purchases: Sales and purchases of foreign currencies expose companies to exchange rate fluctuations, as the value of the currency can change between the time of the order and the time of payment or delivery.
• Foreign currency loans and borrowings: Foreign currency loans and borrowings are subject to exchange rate fluctuations, which can affect the cost of borrowing or lending.
• Foreign currency derivatives: Derivatives can be used to hedge against exchange rate fluctuations, but they can also expose companies to additional risk if the derivatives do not perform as expected.

Types of Transaction Exposure:

• Spot exposure: Exposure to exchange rate fluctuations on spot foreign currency transactions.
• Forward exposure: Exposure to exchange rate fluctuations on forward foreign currency contracts.
• Hedging exposure: Exposure to exchange rate fluctuations on derivatives used to hedge against foreign currency risk.

Impact of Transaction Exposure:

• Fluctuations in foreign currency values: Fluctuations in foreign currency values can lead to unexpected costs or profits on foreign currency transactions.
• Impact on profitability: Exchange rate fluctuations can affect the profitability of foreign operations.
• Cash flow disruptions: Exchange rate fluctuations can disrupt cash flow projections, making it difficult to forecast cash inflows and outflows.
• Increased volatility: Transaction exposure can increase overall volatility, affecting the overall stability of a company’s operations.

Managing Transaction Exposure:

• Hedging: Using derivatives to hedge against foreign currency fluctuations can reduce transaction exposure.
• Forward contracts: Entering forward contracts to fix exchange rates at a specified date can reduce exposure.
• Cash flow management: Managing cash flow timing and structuring transactions to align with favorable exchange rates can reduce exposure.
• Exposure management: Assessing the foreign currency exposure of a company and taking steps to mitigate it can help manage risk.