FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS

Fair value is a measure of an asset or liability at its current market price. It is an estimate of the price that would be received from an arm’s length transaction between willing buyers and sellers. Fair value is used to: Fair value can be measured using: The fair value of an asset or liability […]

Fast-moving consumer goods (Fmcg) products are consumer products that are generally purchased frequently, in large quantities, and at a relatively low cost. They are typically used on a daily basis and include a wide range of products, such as food, beverages, toiletries, and cleaning supplies. Key Characteristics of Fmcg Products: Examples of Fmcg Products: Marketing […]

Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that overlays digital information onto the physical world, enhancing the user’s senses and interaction with the environment. Key Concepts: Augmented: Adds digital content to the real world. Reality: Simulates the real world. Immersion: Involves a high degree of immersion in the augmented environment. Types of AR: See-through: Superimposes virtual […]

Price-to-Free Cash Flow (P/FCF) is a valuation metric that measures the price of an asset in relation to its expected free cash flow. It is calculated by dividing the asset’s price by its projected free cash flow per share, usually over a specific number of years. Formula: Price/Free Cash Flow = Price/FCF = Current Price […]

Net Worth Net worth is a financial measure that calculates the total value of a person’s assets and liabilities. It is a comprehensive measure of overall financial standing and is used to gauge a person’s financial strength and capacity to borrow money. Formula: Net Worth = Assets – Liabilities Assets: Represented by tangible and intangible […]

Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) are products that are frequently purchased by consumers and are typically used up or discarded quickly. They include a wide range of items, such as food, beverages, toiletries, cleaning supplies, and tobacco products. Key Characteristics of FMCG: High turnover: FMCG products are purchased frequently, with high inventory […]

Amortization is the process of spreading the cost of an intangible asset, such as patents or copyrights, over the useful life of the asset. Amortization is used to account for intangible assets because they do not have a physical existence like tangible assets.

P/E Ratio (Price-to-Earnings Ratio) The P/E ratio, also known as the price-to-earnings ratio, is a measure of a company’s stock price relative to its earnings per share. It is calculated by dividing the company’s current market price per share by its trailing 12-month earnings per share. Formula: P/E Ratio = Market Price per Share / […]

The word “overcast” can be described in several ways: Weather: Overcast: When there is a lot of cloud cover, meaning the sky is completely covered with low-hanging clouds, often accompanied by drizzle or rain. Cloudy: Similar to overcast, but the clouds are not necessarily low-hanging, and may be higher in the sky. Rain-soaked: When there […]

Adjusted EBITDA is a measure of a company’s profitability that is calculated by taking EBITDA and making adjustments for non-operating items such as depreciation, amortization, and interest expense. This measure is used to compare companies with different sizes and industries. Formula for Adjusted EBITDA: Adjusted EBITDA = EBITDA – Depreciation – Amortization – Interest Expense […]